Base64 md5 编码笔记

Base64编码和md5摘要算法我们经常听到,本文主要对着两者算法做一个简单的了解探究

# Base64

Base64是一种基于64个可打印字符来表示二进制数据的表示方法,常用于在通常处理文本数据的场合,表示、传输、存储一些二进制数据,包括MIME的电子邮件及XML的一些复杂数据。

# Base64来源

Base64来源于电子邮件的发展,早期的电子邮件是不支持二进制文件(例如图片)的,并且邮件中也不支持非英语字符,邮件也不能有附件,再后来的发展中工程师对电子邮件的技术规范就行了扩充,也就产生了常说的MIME,全称是全"Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions",中译为"多用途互联网邮件扩展",它包括了多项技术规范. 一封传统的电子邮件格式如下:

From: "Tommy Lee" <[email protected]>
To: "Jack Zhang" <[email protected]>
Subject: Test
Date: Wed, 17 May 2000 19:08:29 -0400
Message-ID: <[email protected]>

Hello World.

它包含两个部分,第一部分是信封,里面包含发件人,收件人,邮件主题,邮件发送时间,邮件的唯一标识Message-ID,第二部分是正文,也就是邮件的内容,第一部分和第二部分之间用一个空行隔开,

MIME对传统邮件的扩展体现在在信封里面新增了三行语句

  1. MIME-Version: 1.0 这行语句标志着该邮件使用了MIME规范,收信端将按照该规范进行解析邮件内容
  2. Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" 这行语句说明了改邮件的信息类型和编码方式 Content-Type表明信息类型,缺省值为" text/plain" 它包含了主要类型(primary type)和次要类型(subtype)两个部分,两者之间用"/"分割。主要类型有9种,分别是application、audio、example、image、message、model、multipart、text、video,每种主要类型下面又分为多种次要类型,常用的一些Content-Type类型如下:
    text/plain:纯文本,文件扩展名.txt
    text/html:HTML文本,文件扩展名.htm和.html
    image/jpeg:jpeg格式的图片,文件扩展名.jpg
    image/gif:GIF格式的图片,文件扩展名.gif
    audio/x-wave:WAVE格式的音频,文件扩展名.wav
    audio/mpeg:MP3格式的音频,文件扩展名.mp3
    video/mpeg:MPEG格式的视频,文件扩展名.mpg
    application/zip:PK-ZIP格式的压缩文件,文件扩展名.zip
    
    如果信息的主要类型是"text",那么还必须指明编码类型"charset",缺省值是ASCII,其他可能值有"ISO-8859-1"、"UTF-8"、"GB2312"等等。
  3. Content-transfer-encoding: Base64 这里我们的主角就登场了,这行语句表明邮件编码转换的方式,因为现代邮件里面会有图片或者其它原始邮件不支持的内容,那么在发送的时候就需要对内容进行编码转换,将内容转换成邮件支持的ASCII字符,Content-transfer-encoding的值有5种----"7bit"、"8bit"、"binary"、"quoted-printable"和"Base64"----其中"7bit"是缺省值,即不用转化的ASCII字符。真正常用是"quoted-printable"和"Base64"两种.

# quoted-printable编码

关于'quoted-printable'简单介绍一下,它主要用于ACSII文本中夹杂少量非ASCII码字符的情况,不适合于转换纯二进制文件. 它规定将每一个8位的字节,转换为3个字符,规则如下:

  1. 所有可打印的ASCII码字符(十进制值从33到126)都保持原样不变,"="(十进制值61)除外,其余的字符都要进行编码。
  2. 编码后第一个字符是"="号,这是固定不变的;
  3. 编码后二个字符是二个十六进制数,分别代表了这个字节前四位和后四位的数值。 例如ASCII码中的换页键的码值是12,那么先转成8位的二进制是00001100,再转成16进制是0C,然后再在前面加上一个'='号,最后的编码结果是'=0C'.

# Base64编码

首先选出一个字符集,分别是小写字母a-z、大写字母A-Z、数字0-9、符号"+"、"/"加起来是64个,另外有一个垫字符'=',然后将其它所有不在这个字符集里面的字符都转换到到这个字符集里面去,转换规则如下:

  1. 将每三个字节作为一组,一共是24个二进制位;
  2. 再将这24个二进制位分为四组,每个组有6个二进制位;
  3. 在每组前面加两个00,扩展成32个二进制位,即四个字节;
  4. 查询字符表,找到每个字节在表中对应的符号,这就是Base64的编码值; 所以分析最终的结果的话,原始的三个字节经过转换以后会变成4个字节,因此Base64编码后的文本,会比原文本大出三分之一左右。

# Base64编码示例

编码译文单词'six': s i x -<转为对应的ASCII值>>> 115 105 120 -<转为对应的二进制>> 01110011 01101001 01111000 -<二进制分为四组>> 011100 110110 100101 111000 -<每组前面添加两个0>> 00011100 00110110 00100101 00111000 -<每组转为对应的10进制>> 28 54 37 56 -<查询Base64字符表转为对应字符>> c 2 l 4 则'six'编码后的结果是'c2l4',你可以用这个工具来验证你的转码结果是否正确.

如果字节数不足三,则处理如下:

再举一个中文的例子,汉字"严"如何转化成Base64编码?

这里需要注意,汉字本身可以有多种编码,比如gb2312、utf-8、gbk等等,每一种编码的Base64对应值都不一样。下面的例子以utf-8为例。

首先,"严"的utf-8编码为E4B8A5,写成二进制就是三字节的"11100100 10111000 10100101"。将这个24位的二进制字符串,按照第3节中的规则,转换成四组一共32位的二进制值"00111001 00001011 00100010 00100101",相应的十进制数为57、11、34、37,它们对应的Base64值就为5、L、i、l。

所以,汉字"严"(utf-8编码)的Base64值就是5Lil。

# Base64在js中的使用

Base64的js实现如下:

/**
*
*  Base64 encode / decode
*
*  @author haitao.tu
*  @date   2010-04-26
*  @email  [email protected]
*
*/

function Base64() {

	// private property
	_keyStr = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/=";

	// public method for encoding
	this.encode = function (input) {
		var output = "";
		var chr1, chr2, chr3, enc1, enc2, enc3, enc4;
		var i = 0;
		input = _utf8_encode(input);
		while (i < input.length) {
			chr1 = input.charCodeAt(i++);
			chr2 = input.charCodeAt(i++);
			chr3 = input.charCodeAt(i++);
			enc1 = chr1 >> 2;
			enc2 = ((chr1 & 3) << 4) | (chr2 >> 4);
			enc3 = ((chr2 & 15) << 2) | (chr3 >> 6);
			enc4 = chr3 & 63;
			if (isNaN(chr2)) {
				enc3 = enc4 = 64;
			} else if (isNaN(chr3)) {
				enc4 = 64;
			}
			output = output +
			_keyStr.charAt(enc1) + _keyStr.charAt(enc2) +
			_keyStr.charAt(enc3) + _keyStr.charAt(enc4);
		}
		return output;
	}

	// public method for decoding
	this.decode = function (input) {
		var output = "";
		var chr1, chr2, chr3;
		var enc1, enc2, enc3, enc4;
		var i = 0;
		input = input.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9\+\/\=]/g, "");
		while (i < input.length) {
			enc1 = _keyStr.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));
			enc2 = _keyStr.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));
			enc3 = _keyStr.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));
			enc4 = _keyStr.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));
			chr1 = (enc1 << 2) | (enc2 >> 4);
			chr2 = ((enc2 & 15) << 4) | (enc3 >> 2);
			chr3 = ((enc3 & 3) << 6) | enc4;
			output = output + String.fromCharCode(chr1);
			if (enc3 != 64) {
				output = output + String.fromCharCode(chr2);
			}
			if (enc4 != 64) {
				output = output + String.fromCharCode(chr3);
			}
		}
		output = _utf8_decode(output);
		return output;
	}

	// private method for UTF-8 encoding
	_utf8_encode = function (string) {
		string = string.replace(/\r\n/g,"\n");
		var utftext = "";
		for (var n = 0; n < string.length; n++) {
			var c = string.charCodeAt(n);
			if (c < 128) {
				utftext += String.fromCharCode(c);
			} else if((c > 127) && (c < 2048)) {
				utftext += String.fromCharCode((c >> 6) | 192);
				utftext += String.fromCharCode((c & 63) | 128);
			} else {
				utftext += String.fromCharCode((c >> 12) | 224);
				utftext += String.fromCharCode(((c >> 6) & 63) | 128);
				utftext += String.fromCharCode((c & 63) | 128);
			}

		}
		return utftext;
	}

	// private method for UTF-8 decoding
	_utf8_decode = function (utftext) {
		var string = "";
		var i = 0;
		var c = c1 = c2 = 0;
		while ( i < utftext.length ) {
			c = utftext.charCodeAt(i);
			if (c < 128) {
				string += String.fromCharCode(c);
				i++;
			} else if((c > 191) && (c < 224)) {
				c2 = utftext.charCodeAt(i+1);
				string += String.fromCharCode(((c & 31) << 6) | (c2 & 63));
				i += 2;
			} else {
				c2 = utftext.charCodeAt(i+1);
				c3 = utftext.charCodeAt(i+2);
				string += String.fromCharCode(((c & 15) << 12) | ((c2 & 63) << 6) | (c3 & 63));
				i += 3;
			}
		}
		return string;
	}
}

# md5摘要算法

Base64我们说的差不多了,下面说说md5. md5全称'MD5消息摘要算法'(英语:MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm),其最明显的作用就是对一段文本或者二进制文件进行运算之后得出一个128位的值,我们通常会把计算结果转换成32个16进制的数来表示.

# md5的js实现如下:

/*
 * A JavaScript implementation of the RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message
 * Digest Algorithm, as defined in RFC 1321.
 * Version 2.1 Copyright (C) Paul Johnston 1999 - 2002.
 * Other contributors: Greg Holt, Andrew Kepert, Ydnar, Lostinet
 * Distributed under the BSD License
 * See https//pajhome.org.uk/crypt/md5 for more info.
 */

/*
 * Configurable variables. You may need to tweak these to be compatible with
 * the server-side, but the defaults work in most cases.
 */
var hexcase = 0;  /* hex output format. 0 - lowercase; 1 - uppercase        */
var b64pad  = ""; /* base-64 pad character. "=" for strict RFC compliance   */
var chrsz   = 8;  /* bits per input character. 8 - ASCII; 16 - Unicode      */

/*
 * These are the functions you'll usually want to call
 * They take string arguments and return either hex or base-64 encoded strings
 */
function hex_md5(s){ return binl2hex(core_md5(str2binl(s), s.length * chrsz));}
function b64_md5(s){ return binl2b64(core_md5(str2binl(s), s.length * chrsz));}
function str_md5(s){ return binl2str(core_md5(str2binl(s), s.length * chrsz));}
function hex_hmac_md5(key, data) { return binl2hex(core_hmac_md5(key, data)); }
function b64_hmac_md5(key, data) { return binl2b64(core_hmac_md5(key, data)); }
function str_hmac_md5(key, data) { return binl2str(core_hmac_md5(key, data)); }

/*
 * Perform a simple self-test to see if the VM is working
 */
function md5_vm_test()
{
  return hex_md5("abc") == "900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72";
}

/*
 * Calculate the MD5 of an array of little-endian words, and a bit length
 */
function core_md5(x, len)
{
  /* append padding */
  x[len >> 5] |= 0x80 << ((len) % 32);
  x[(((len + 64) >>> 9) << 4) + 14] = len;

  var a =  1732584193;
  var b = -271733879;
  var c = -1732584194;
  var d =  271733878;

  for(var i = 0; i < x.length; i += 16)
  {
    var olda = a;
    var oldb = b;
    var oldc = c;
    var oldd = d;

    a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 0], 7 , -680876936);
    d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 1], 12, -389564586);
    c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 2], 17,  606105819);
    b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 3], 22, -1044525330);
    a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 4], 7 , -176418897);
    d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 5], 12,  1200080426);
    c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 6], 17, -1473231341);
    b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 7], 22, -45705983);
    a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 8], 7 ,  1770035416);
    d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 9], 12, -1958414417);
    c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+10], 17, -42063);
    b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+11], 22, -1990404162);
    a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+12], 7 ,  1804603682);
    d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+13], 12, -40341101);
    c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+14], 17, -1502002290);
    b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+15], 22,  1236535329);

    a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 1], 5 , -165796510);
    d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 6], 9 , -1069501632);
    c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+11], 14,  643717713);
    b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 0], 20, -373897302);
    a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 5], 5 , -701558691);
    d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+10], 9 ,  38016083);
    c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+15], 14, -660478335);
    b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 4], 20, -405537848);
    a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 9], 5 ,  568446438);
    d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+14], 9 , -1019803690);
    c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 3], 14, -187363961);
    b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 8], 20,  1163531501);
    a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+13], 5 , -1444681467);
    d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 2], 9 , -51403784);
    c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 7], 14,  1735328473);
    b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+12], 20, -1926607734);

    a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 5], 4 , -378558);
    d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 8], 11, -2022574463);
    c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+11], 16,  1839030562);
    b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+14], 23, -35309556);
    a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 1], 4 , -1530992060);
    d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 4], 11,  1272893353);
    c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 7], 16, -155497632);
    b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+10], 23, -1094730640);
    a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+13], 4 ,  681279174);
    d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 0], 11, -358537222);
    c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 3], 16, -722521979);
    b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 6], 23,  76029189);
    a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 9], 4 , -640364487);
    d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+12], 11, -421815835);
    c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+15], 16,  530742520);
    b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 2], 23, -995338651);

    a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 0], 6 , -198630844);
    d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 7], 10,  1126891415);
    c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+14], 15, -1416354905);
    b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 5], 21, -57434055);
    a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+12], 6 ,  1700485571);
    d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 3], 10, -1894986606);
    c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+10], 15, -1051523);
    b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 1], 21, -2054922799);
    a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 8], 6 ,  1873313359);
    d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+15], 10, -30611744);
    c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 6], 15, -1560198380);
    b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+13], 21,  1309151649);
    a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 4], 6 , -145523070);
    d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+11], 10, -1120210379);
    c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 2], 15,  718787259);
    b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 9], 21, -343485551);

    a = safe_add(a, olda);
    b = safe_add(b, oldb);
    c = safe_add(c, oldc);
    d = safe_add(d, oldd);
  }
  return Array(a, b, c, d);

}

/*
 * These functions implement the four basic operations the algorithm uses.
 */
function md5_cmn(q, a, b, x, s, t)
{
  return safe_add(bit_rol(safe_add(safe_add(a, q), safe_add(x, t)), s),b);
}
function md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x, s, t)
{
  return md5_cmn((b & c) | ((~b) & d), a, b, x, s, t);
}
function md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x, s, t)
{
  return md5_cmn((b & d) | (c & (~d)), a, b, x, s, t);
}
function md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x, s, t)
{
  return md5_cmn(b ^ c ^ d, a, b, x, s, t);
}
function md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x, s, t)
{
  return md5_cmn(c ^ (b | (~d)), a, b, x, s, t);
}

/*
 * Calculate the HMAC-MD5, of a key and some data
 */
function core_hmac_md5(key, data)
{
  var bkey = str2binl(key);
  if(bkey.length > 16) bkey = core_md5(bkey, key.length * chrsz);

  var ipad = Array(16), opad = Array(16);
  for(var i = 0; i < 16; i++)
  {
    ipad[i] = bkey[i] ^ 0x36363636;
    opad[i] = bkey[i] ^ 0x5C5C5C5C;
  }

  var hash = core_md5(ipad.concat(str2binl(data)), 512 + data.length * chrsz);
  return core_md5(opad.concat(hash), 512 + 128);
}

/*
 * Add integers, wrapping at 2^32. This uses 16-bit operations internally
 * to work around bugs in some JS interpreters.
 */
function safe_add(x, y)
{
  var lsw = (x & 0xFFFF) + (y & 0xFFFF);
  var msw = (x >> 16) + (y >> 16) + (lsw >> 16);
  return (msw << 16) | (lsw & 0xFFFF);
}

/*
 * Bitwise rotate a 32-bit number to the left.
 */
function bit_rol(num, cnt)
{
  return (num << cnt) | (num >>> (32 - cnt));
}

/*
 * Convert a string to an array of little-endian words
 * If chrsz is ASCII, characters >255 have their hi-byte silently ignored.
 */
function str2binl(str)
{
  var bin = Array();
  var mask = (1 << chrsz) - 1;
  for(var i = 0; i < str.length * chrsz; i += chrsz)
    bin[i>>5] |= (str.charCodeAt(i / chrsz) & mask) << (i%32);
  return bin;
}

/*
 * Convert an array of little-endian words to a string
 */
function binl2str(bin)
{
  var str = "";
  var mask = (1 << chrsz) - 1;
  for(var i = 0; i < bin.length * 32; i += chrsz)
    str += String.fromCharCode((bin[i>>5] >>> (i % 32)) & mask);
  return str;
}

/*
 * Convert an array of little-endian words to a hex string.
 */
function binl2hex(binarray)
{
  var hex_tab = hexcase ? "0123456789ABCDEF" : "0123456789abcdef";
  var str = "";
  for(var i = 0; i < binarray.length * 4; i++)
  {
    str += hex_tab.charAt((binarray[i>>2] >> ((i%4)*8+4)) & 0xF) +
           hex_tab.charAt((binarray[i>>2] >> ((i%4)*8  )) & 0xF);
  }
  return str;
}

/*
 * Convert an array of little-endian words to a base-64 string
 */
function binl2b64(binarray)
{
  var tab = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
  var str = "";
  for(var i = 0; i < binarray.length * 4; i += 3)
  {
    var triplet = (((binarray[i   >> 2] >> 8 * ( i   %4)) & 0xFF) << 16)
                | (((binarray[i+1 >> 2] >> 8 * ((i+1)%4)) & 0xFF) << 8 )
                |  ((binarray[i+2 >> 2] >> 8 * ((i+2)%4)) & 0xFF);
    for(var j = 0; j < 4; j++)
    {
      if(i * 8 + j * 6 > binarray.length * 32) str += b64pad;
      else str += tab.charAt((triplet >> 6*(3-j)) & 0x3F);
    }
  }
  return str;
}